Q1
Homologous organs are structures that have:
📝 SolutionHomologous organs (e.g. forelimbs of frog, bird, human) arise from a common ancestral structure and share basic anatomy, though they may be adapted for different functions — evidence of divergent evolution.
Q2
Analogous organs, such as the wings of a butterfly and a bird, show:
📝 SolutionAnalogous organs perform similar functions but have different evolutionary origins and structures, arising through convergent evolution in response to similar environmental demands.
Q3
The presence of vestigial organs, like the human appendix, is considered evidence for:
📝 SolutionVestigial organs are reduced, non-functional (or less functional) structures that were fully developed and useful in ancestral organisms, providing evidence of evolutionary descent.
Q4
According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, allele frequencies in a population remain constant generation after generation provided:
📝 SolutionThe Hardy-Weinberg principle assumes a large randomly mating population with no mutation, migration, selection or genetic drift; under these conditions, allele and genotype frequencies remain in equilibrium.
Q5
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, the term $2pq$ represents the frequency of:
📝 SolutionIn the expansion, $p^2$ is homozygous dominant, $q^2$ is homozygous recessive, and $2pq$ is the frequency of heterozygous individuals.
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Class 12 · Biology
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